For example, in addition to breaking up platform monopolies, governments might use regulatory incentives and penalties to prevent these firms from exploiting their market power and causing social harm. These approaches are not mutually exclusive and often overlap – societies can implement them simultaneously. I n general, three basic options present themselves: 1) break up, 2) regulate, or 3) create non-commercial, public alternatives. How do we bring platform companies that operate these systems under democratic control? The technologies driving these systems – aimed primarily to extract data from users and sell for profit – are designed and deployed without public consent. Information and communication systems that people rely on for many facets of their daily lives have become increasingly antidemocratic, causing profound harm across the globe. The democratic world faces a wicked problem.
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